Dopamine

July 7th, 2010

Neurons containing the neurotransmitter dopamine are clustered in the midbrain in - substantia nigra .

In the neuron enzymes act on the amino acid tyrosine, which convert it into DOPA, then to dopamine. Some of the dopamine is then converted to norepinephrine, where it is stored in synaptic vesicles.

Serotonin

July 29th, 2009

Serotonin (5HT) is synthesized in:

  • Cells in the raphe nuclei of brainstem convert L-tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) to 5-hydoxytryptamine (5-HTP), and furtherly, by amino acid decarboxylase (DDC) to serotonin (5-HT). This is broken down by monoamineoxidase (MAO) to 5-HIAA. Serotonin is released into the synapse in a similar fashion to norepinephrine. Two presynaptic serotonin receptors serve as both brakes and enhancers of serotonin release when blocked by serotonin or norepinephrine, while the postsynaptic receptors regulate the release of the serotonin signal into the neuron. Serotonin producing neurons extend to the cerebellum, basal ganglia, frontal cortex, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic system, and down the spinal cord.  TPH1 is in several tissues, and TPH2, is a brain-specific isoform. Ovarian hormones can affect the expression of TPH (postpartum depression and premenstrual stress syndrome).
  • Enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract
  • Platelets

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Causes of Low Vitamin D in Blood Serum

July 8th, 2009

The Role of Vitamin D in the Body

Vit D effects:

  • Enhances absorption of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium from the small intestine (when stimulated by PTH) by increased synthesis of calcium binding protein
  • Enhances reabsorption of calcium and phosphate in the kidneys (with the help of estrogen and PTH)
  • Enhances resorption of calcium and phosphorus from the bones (when stimulated by PTH)
  • Stimulates insulin production in the pancreas

Dietary Sources of Vitamin D

Dietary sources:

  • Fish oil
  • Salt water fish
  • Fortified milk, orange juice, morning cereals

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Diet to Lower Cholesterol

June 4th, 2009

What is Cholesterol?

Cholesterol is present in the blood and in most of cells, and is a part of substances called lipids. In the blood, cholesterol is bound to certain proteins what makes lipoproteins. Roughly, they are two types of lipoproteins:

  • LDL = Low Density Lipoproteins that contain a lot of cholesterol (what makes them low density). This is denoted as LDL cholesterol and is called “bad” cholesterol since, when in excess, it deposits on the inner arterial walls, building plaques called atheromas that harden and clog arteries. The disorder is known as atherosclerosis (from Greek atheroma = cholesterol plaque; sclerosis = hardening of arterial wall).
  • HDL = High Density Lipoproteins that contain small amount of cholesterol denoted as HDL cholesterol that takes excessive cholesterol from LDL and carry it away from the blood, so it is called “good” cholesterol. 

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Testosterone Effects, Low Testosterone Causes and Symptoms

April 10th, 2009

Testosterone Effects

Testosterone:

  • In puberty helps a boy in growth of the penis and testes, growth of facial and pubic hair, deepening of the voice, increase in muscle mass and strength, and increase in height.
  • In adult man maintains sex drive, sperm production, male hair patterns, muscle mass, and bone mass
  • Lowers blood sugar
  • Increases bone mineral density in elderly men (1)

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Thyroxine Effects and Hypothyroidism

April 8th, 2009

Thyroxine Effects

  • Increases Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) > increased heat production 

Hypothyroidism

What Lowers TSH Release (1)

Pituitary (hypophysis) hormone TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 and T3, when they reach a certain level, lower release of TSH by negative feedback loop. In low T4/T3 (hypothyroidism) TSH will be high, and in high T4/3 (hyperthyroidism) TSH will be low (1). Other factors that lower TSH level:

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Low Body Temperature + Low Appetite + Fatigue + Skin Rash

March 31st, 2009

If you have:

  • Low body temperature for at least one month, at least 0,5°C (0,9°F) lower than your usual temperature
  • Low appetite
  • Fatigue
  • Weigh gain
  • Skin Rash…

..then you might have:

  1. Lowered thyroid function (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)
  2. Increased adrenal funcion (Cushing’s syndrome)

Causes of Poor (Low) Appetite

March 30th, 2009

Low appetite is low desire to eat. The following conditions, or drugs may cause low appetite:

Low Appetite in Healthy People

  1. Normal aging

Psychic/Emotional Causes

  1. Emotional stress: anxiety, depression, grief or loss, relationship problems
  2. Physical stress
  3. Anorexia nervosa
  4. Bipolar disorder
  5. Bulimia
  6. Social isolation

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Explanation of Raised EBV Antibodies in the Blood Serum

February 10th, 2009

Written by Jan Modric, February 10th, 2009

Introduction

The aim of this article is to help to explain results of tests of EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) antibodies levels in the  blood .

The main reason for elevated EBV antibodies in the blood is infectious mononucleosis (IM). 95% of us were probably infected with EBV at some point in life, but only some of us had notable symptoms of IM (1).

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